Are Evos All-Wheel Drive A Look at Their History and Technology

Are evos all wheel drive – Are Evos all-wheel drive? The answer is a resounding yes, and this innovative feature has been a defining characteristic of the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution since its inception. From its humble beginnings to its evolution into a performance icon, the Evo has consistently relied on all-wheel drive (AWD) to deliver exceptional handling, traction, and power delivery. This article delves into the history of AWD in Evos, exploring the various systems employed, their technical intricacies, and the impact they have had on the car’s legendary status.

AWD has been a crucial component of the Evo’s success, enabling it to conquer challenging road conditions and deliver thrilling performance on the racetrack. The article examines the evolution of AWD systems in different Evo generations, highlighting the advancements in technology and engineering that have resulted in enhanced performance and handling capabilities. It also explores the technical aspects of the Evo’s AWD system, providing a detailed understanding of its components, working principles, and the role of electronic control units in managing torque distribution.

All-Wheel Drive: The Power Behind the Evo

All-wheel drive (AWD) is a drivetrain system that distributes power to all four wheels of a vehicle. This system enhances traction and stability, particularly on slippery or uneven surfaces. AWD systems have become increasingly popular in recent years, especially in performance vehicles like the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution (Evo).

Advantages of AWD, Are evos all wheel drive

AWD systems offer several advantages over traditional front-wheel drive (FWD) or rear-wheel drive (RWD) systems.

Enhanced Traction: AWD systems provide superior traction, especially in challenging conditions like snow, rain, or loose gravel. This is because power is distributed to all four wheels, maximizing grip and minimizing wheel slip.
Improved Stability: By distributing power to all four wheels, AWD systems improve a vehicle’s stability, especially during cornering and acceleration. This is because the extra traction helps to prevent the vehicle from losing control.
Enhanced Handling: AWD systems can improve a vehicle’s handling characteristics, making it more responsive and predictable. This is because the system helps to maintain a more even weight distribution and improve grip.
Increased Off-Road Capability: AWD systems can significantly improve a vehicle’s off-road capability, allowing it to tackle rough terrain and difficult obstacles with greater ease.

Disadvantages of AWD

While AWD systems offer numerous benefits, they also have some drawbacks:

Increased Complexity: AWD systems are more complex than FWD or RWD systems, which can lead to higher maintenance costs and potential reliability issues.
Increased Weight: AWD systems add weight to a vehicle, which can negatively impact fuel economy and performance.
Higher Purchase Price: AWD vehicles generally cost more than their FWD or RWD counterparts due to the additional complexity of the system.

AWD and the Evo

The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, known for its performance and rally heritage, has always been equipped with AWD. This system has been a crucial factor in the Evo’s success, providing the car with the traction, stability, and handling necessary to excel on both the racetrack and in challenging driving conditions.

Enhanced Traction: AWD has allowed the Evo to achieve remarkable acceleration and grip, even on slippery surfaces. The system’s ability to distribute power to all four wheels ensures maximum traction, allowing the Evo to launch quickly and maintain its momentum throughout corners.
Improved Handling: AWD has been instrumental in the Evo’s legendary handling prowess. The system’s ability to control the car’s weight distribution and provide consistent grip allows the Evo to navigate corners with precision and stability.
Rally Success: AWD has been a key factor in the Evo’s success in rally racing. The system’s ability to handle a variety of surfaces, including gravel, dirt, and snow, has allowed the Evo to dominate in this demanding motorsport.

Evolution of AWD in Evos

The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution’s iconic status is inextricably linked to its advanced all-wheel drive (AWD) systems. From its debut in 1992, the Evo’s AWD has been a defining feature, constantly evolving to deliver exhilarating performance and exceptional handling. Let’s delve into the history of AWD implementation in the Lancer Evolution models and explore the innovative systems that propelled this legendary car to the top of the performance hierarchy.

AWD Systems in the Evolution of the Lancer Evolution

The Lancer Evolution’s AWD systems have been meticulously engineered to provide optimal traction and handling in various driving conditions. Here’s a chronological breakdown of the key AWD systems employed across different Evo generations:

1992 – 1994 (Evo I – III): The first three generations of the Evo featured a robust, symmetrical AWD system with a viscous coupling center differential. This system distributed power to the front and rear axles in a 50:50 ratio, with the viscous coupling acting as a mechanical differential lock, transferring power to the axle with more grip. This setup provided exceptional traction and stability, particularly in challenging conditions.
1995 – 1996 (Evo IV – V): The Evo IV and V introduced the Active Yaw Control (AYC) system, a revolutionary addition to the AWD system. AYC used a hydraulically controlled clutch on the rear differential to distribute torque between the rear wheels. This system could actively adjust torque distribution based on steering input and vehicle speed, enabling the car to corner with greater precision and agility.

AYC significantly enhanced the Evo’s handling capabilities, allowing it to tackle corners with remarkable control.
1997 – 1999 (Evo VI – VII): The Evo VI and VII continued to refine the AYC system, incorporating improvements to its hydraulic control unit and sensors. These enhancements resulted in more responsive and precise torque vectoring, further enhancing the Evo’s cornering prowess. The introduction of the Active Center Differential (ACD) in the Evo VI marked a significant leap forward in AWD technology.

ACD used a hydraulically controlled clutch to distribute torque between the front and rear axles, allowing for variable torque split depending on driving conditions. The combination of AYC and ACD created a sophisticated AWD system that provided exceptional traction, stability, and handling.
2000 – 2001 (Evo VIII): The Evo VIII saw further improvements to the AYC and ACD systems, with refinements to their control logic and hydraulic actuators. These modifications enhanced the systems’ responsiveness and precision, resulting in even more dynamic and engaging driving experiences. The Evo VIII also featured a revised suspension setup and a lighter body, contributing to its exceptional performance and handling characteristics.
2002 – 2003 (Evo IX): The Evo IX continued to build upon the foundation established in the Evo VIII, with further enhancements to the AYC and ACD systems. These refinements further improved the car’s cornering performance and stability, making it one of the most capable and thrilling road cars of its time. The Evo IX also introduced a new, more powerful engine, further bolstering its performance credentials.
2004 – 2005 (Evo VIII MR): The Evo VIII MR (Mitsubishi Racing) featured a limited-slip front differential, which helped to improve traction and handling, particularly in challenging conditions. The MR also included a number of other upgrades, including a lightweight carbon fiber roof and a revised suspension setup.
2006 – 2007 (Evo IX MR): The Evo IX MR followed suit, adopting a limited-slip front differential and other enhancements, including a revised suspension and a lighter weight.
2008 – 2015 (Evo X – Final Edition): The Evo X introduced a new, all-wheel drive system with a Super All-Wheel Control (S-AWC) system. S-AWC integrated the AYC, ACD, and Active Stability Control (ASC) into a comprehensive system that managed all aspects of the vehicle’s dynamics. This advanced system provided exceptional traction, stability, and handling, making the Evo X one of the most capable and versatile performance cars of its time.

S-AWC allowed the driver to select different driving modes, such as Tarmac, Gravel, Snow, and Super All-Wheel Control (S-AWC), tailoring the vehicle’s response to different road conditions.

Technical Aspects of Evo AWD

The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution’s All-Wheel Drive (AWD) system is a sophisticated engineering marvel, playing a crucial role in the car’s legendary performance. This system’s effectiveness stems from its intricate design, involving multiple components that work in harmony to deliver exceptional traction, handling, and control.

Center Differential

The heart of the Evo’s AWD system is the center differential. It’s responsible for distributing power between the front and rear axles. The Evo utilizes an Active Center Differential (ACD), which can vary the power distribution between the axles depending on driving conditions. The ACD utilizes a hydraulically controlled clutch pack, allowing for a variable torque split. In normal driving, the power is distributed evenly between the front and rear axles, but in challenging conditions, the ACD can send more power to the axle with better traction.

This ensures optimal grip and control, even on slippery surfaces.

Front and Rear Differentials

The front and rear axles each have their own differentials, which are responsible for distributing power between the wheels on that axle. The Evo’s front differential is typically an open differential, while the rear differential can be either an open or a limited-slip differential. The rear differential, depending on the model and year, can be equipped with a mechanical limited-slip differential (LSD) or an electronically controlled Active Yaw Control (AYC) system.

These systems help to improve traction and handling by preventing wheelspin and ensuring that power is directed to the wheel with the most grip.

Torque Distribution

The Evo’s AWD system is capable of varying the torque distribution between the front and rear axles, as well as between the wheels on each axle. This allows the car to adapt to a wide range of driving conditions. For instance, when accelerating hard, the ACD can send more power to the rear wheels, providing a more aggressive and responsive driving experience.

Conversely, when cornering, the ACD can send more power to the front wheels, enhancing stability and grip.

Electronic Control Units (ECUs)

The Evo’s AWD system is managed by a network of electronic control units (ECUs). These ECUs constantly monitor various sensors, such as wheel speed sensors, steering angle sensors, and throttle position sensors, to determine the optimal torque distribution for the current driving conditions. Based on the data received, the ECUs adjust the operation of the ACD, LSD, and other components of the AWD system to ensure optimal performance.

Components of the Evo AWD System

The Evo’s AWD system consists of several key components, each playing a crucial role in its functionality.

Center Differential (ACD): This is the heart of the system, responsible for distributing power between the front and rear axles. It utilizes a hydraulically controlled clutch pack to vary the torque split.
Front Differential: This differential distributes power between the left and right wheels on the front axle. It is typically an open differential.
Rear Differential: This differential distributes power between the left and right wheels on the rear axle. It can be either an open differential or a limited-slip differential (LSD).
Active Yaw Control (AYC): This system is found on some Evo models and utilizes a hydraulically controlled clutch pack to vary the torque distribution between the rear wheels. This helps to improve handling and stability by reducing understeer and oversteer.
Electronic Control Units (ECUs): These units manage the operation of the AWD system by monitoring various sensors and adjusting the operation of the ACD, LSD, and other components.

Performance and Handling Benefits

The all-wheel drive system in the Evo is not just a fancy feature; it’s a fundamental element that transforms the car’s performance and handling characteristics. AWD empowers the Evo to achieve levels of acceleration, traction, and cornering ability that would be impossible with a front-wheel drive or rear-wheel drive setup.

Acceleration and Traction

AWD significantly enhances the Evo’s acceleration by distributing power to all four wheels. This means that the engine’s power is effectively harnessed, maximizing the car’s grip and minimizing wheel spin. As a result, the Evo can launch off the line with incredible force, leaving competitors in the dust. The benefits of AWD are particularly pronounced in situations where traction is limited, such as wet roads, snow, or loose surfaces.

In these conditions, AWD ensures that power is always directed to the wheels with the most grip, maximizing traction and minimizing the risk of losing control. This is crucial for achieving optimal acceleration and maintaining stability, even when the road conditions are less than ideal.

Types of AWD Systems in Evos

The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, a legendary performance car, has been renowned for its advanced All-Wheel Drive (AWD) systems, which have been instrumental in its dominance on the racetrack and its reputation as a handling beast. The Evo’s AWD systems have evolved over the years, incorporating different technologies and approaches to optimize performance and handling characteristics. Understanding the various types of AWD systems used in Evo models provides valuable insight into their design philosophy and their impact on driving dynamics.

Full-Time AWD Systems

Full-time AWD systems, as their name suggests, constantly distribute power to all four wheels, providing continuous traction and stability. This type of system is commonly found in high-performance vehicles like the Evo, where grip and control are paramount. Full-time AWD systems are designed to provide superior handling and stability, particularly in challenging road conditions.

Active Yaw Control (AYC): The AYC system, introduced in the Evo VI, is a key component of the full-time AWD system. It utilizes a hydraulically controlled clutch to distribute torque between the rear wheels, enabling the car to rotate smoothly through corners. AYC helps the Evo maintain its composure and stability during high-speed cornering, making it incredibly precise and responsive.
Super All-Wheel Control (S-AWC): The S-AWC system, which debuted in the Evo X, represents a significant evolution in AWD technology. It combines the AYC system with an electronically controlled front differential and a brake-based torque vectoring system. S-AWC allows for more precise control of torque distribution to each wheel, optimizing handling and stability even further. It also includes a stability control system that intervenes when necessary to prevent loss of control.

Part-Time AWD Systems

Part-time AWD systems, unlike full-time systems, engage the rear wheels only when necessary. This type of system is often found in vehicles designed for off-road use or for improved traction in slippery conditions. While part-time AWD systems can be more fuel-efficient than full-time systems, they may not provide the same level of handling and stability in high-performance driving scenarios.

Early Evo Models: The first-generation Evo models featured a simpler part-time AWD system with a viscous coupling that transferred power to the rear wheels when slippage was detected. This system was effective in improving traction but lacked the sophistication and control of later full-time systems.

Pros and Cons of AWD Systems

Full-Time AWD

Pros: Superior handling and stability, especially in challenging conditions, enhanced grip and traction, improved acceleration and braking performance.
Cons: Higher fuel consumption compared to part-time systems, increased complexity and maintenance costs.

Part-Time AWD

Pros: Improved fuel efficiency compared to full-time systems, simpler design and lower maintenance costs.
Cons: Reduced handling and stability compared to full-time systems, potential for traction loss in slippery conditions, limited performance in high-speed driving scenarios.

Examples of Evo Models with Different AWD Systems

Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution I-III: Part-time AWD system with a viscous coupling.
Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IV-IX: Full-time AWD system with Active Yaw Control (AYC).
Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X: Full-time AWD system with Super All-Wheel Control (S-AWC).

Maintenance and Considerations

The Evo’s AWD system is a marvel of engineering, but like any complex system, it requires regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance and longevity. Neglecting maintenance can lead to costly repairs and potentially compromise the vehicle’s safety.Regular maintenance helps prevent premature wear and tear, maximizes the system’s efficiency, and ensures reliable operation. Understanding the common maintenance tasks and potential issues associated with AWD systems is crucial for any Evo owner.

Common Maintenance Tasks

Regular maintenance for an Evo’s AWD system involves a combination of scheduled services and proactive checks.

Fluid Changes: The AWD system relies on specialized fluids, such as differential oil and transfer case fluid, to lubricate and cool the components. These fluids should be changed at recommended intervals, typically every 30,000 to 60,000 miles, depending on driving conditions.
Driveshaft Inspections: The driveshafts connect the transmission to the axles and transfer power to the wheels. Regular inspections for cracks, wear, and loose components are essential.
CV Joint Inspection: Constant velocity (CV) joints allow the driveshafts to rotate smoothly while transmitting power to the wheels. Inspecting CV joints for boot tears, grease leaks, and excessive play is crucial.
Differential Inspection: Differentials distribute power between the wheels on each axle. Inspecting differentials for leaks, noises, and excessive wear is essential.
Center Differential Inspection: The center differential manages power distribution between the front and rear axles. Inspecting for leaks, noises, and proper operation is essential.
Wheel Bearing Inspection: Wheel bearings support the wheel and axle assembly. Inspecting wheel bearings for play, noise, and wear is crucial for safe driving.

Potential Issues

While Evo AWD systems are robust, potential issues can arise due to wear and tear, harsh driving conditions, or improper maintenance.

Fluid Leaks: Leaks in the differential, transfer case, or CV joints can lead to reduced lubrication and component damage.
Driveshaft Failures: Damaged or worn driveshafts can cause vibrations, noise, and power loss.
CV Joint Failures: Damaged CV joints can result in clunking noises, vibration, and reduced power transmission.
Differential Problems: Differentials can experience noise, grinding, or locking issues due to wear, damage, or fluid contamination.
Center Differential Malfunctions: Center differential issues can lead to uneven power distribution and poor handling.
Wheel Bearing Failures: Worn or damaged wheel bearings can cause noise, vibration, and loss of steering control.

Costs and Considerations

Owning and maintaining an Evo with AWD comes with certain costs and considerations.

Higher Initial Cost: Evos with AWD generally have a higher initial purchase price compared to their front-wheel drive counterparts.
Specialized Maintenance: AWD systems require specialized fluids, parts, and expertise for maintenance.
Potential Repair Costs: Repairs for AWD components can be more expensive than repairs for front-wheel drive systems.
Fuel Efficiency: AWD systems generally have a slightly lower fuel efficiency compared to front-wheel drive systems.
Tire Wear: AWD systems can lead to faster tire wear, especially in aggressive driving conditions.

Comparison with Other AWD Vehicles

The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution’s AWD system has earned a legendary reputation, but how does it stack up against other high-performance AWD vehicles? Let’s delve into the strengths and weaknesses of the Evo’s system compared to rivals like the Subaru WRX STI and Audi Quattro, highlighting the unique characteristics that set the Evo apart.

Comparison of AWD Systems

The Evo’s AWD system, known as the Active Yaw Control (AYC) system, is a sophisticated setup that employs a center differential with a viscous coupling and a rear differential with a limited-slip function. This system allows for variable torque distribution between the front and rear axles, as well as between the left and right rear wheels, enhancing traction and handling.

Subaru WRX STI: The WRX STI utilizes a symmetrical all-wheel drive system with a viscous center differential. This system distributes torque evenly to all four wheels under normal conditions, but it can send more power to the rear wheels when slip is detected. This system is known for its robust nature and consistent performance, but it can be less responsive than the Evo’s system in dynamic driving situations.
Audi Quattro: Audi’s Quattro system is renowned for its advanced technology and performance. It uses a Torsen center differential that distributes torque based on wheel slip, allowing for a more precise and responsive power delivery. However, the Quattro system is typically more expensive and complex than the Evo’s system, making it less accessible for the average enthusiast.

Strengths and Weaknesses

Each AWD system has its own set of strengths and weaknesses, which can influence the overall performance and handling characteristics of the vehicle.

Evo’s AYC System:
- Strengths: The Evo’s AYC system is praised for its exceptional responsiveness and ability to precisely distribute torque, resulting in superior handling and cornering performance. The system’s ability to adjust torque distribution based on driver input and road conditions provides a level of control and precision that is unmatched by other systems.
- Weaknesses: The Evo’s system can be more complex and expensive to maintain than simpler AWD systems. Additionally, the sophisticated nature of the AYC system can lead to increased wear and tear on components, potentially requiring more frequent repairs.
Subaru WRX STI:
- Strengths: The WRX STI’s symmetrical AWD system is known for its reliability and durability. The system’s consistent power distribution provides predictable handling and traction, making it suitable for both daily driving and track use.
- Weaknesses: The WRX STI’s system can be less responsive and less precise in handling than the Evo’s system, especially in dynamic driving situations. The lack of active torque vectoring can limit the car’s ability to rotate smoothly through corners.
Audi Quattro:
- Strengths: The Audi Quattro system is renowned for its advanced technology and performance. The Torsen center differential provides precise and responsive torque distribution, resulting in superior handling and traction.
- Weaknesses: The Quattro system can be more expensive and complex than the Evo’s system, making it less accessible for the average enthusiast. The system’s sophistication can also lead to increased maintenance costs and potential repair issues.

Unique Characteristics of the Evo’s AWD System

The Evo’s AYC system stands out with its ability to actively control torque distribution based on driver input and road conditions. This system uses sensors to monitor wheel speed, steering angle, throttle position, and other factors, allowing it to anticipate and adjust torque distribution in real-time. This results in exceptional cornering performance, improved traction, and enhanced stability.

Future of AWD in Evos

The evolution of AWD in Evos is a captivating story, marked by continuous innovation and a relentless pursuit of performance. As we look towards the future, the possibilities for AWD in Evos are even more exciting, driven by emerging technologies and a desire to push the boundaries of driving experience.

Impact of Electric Powertrains

The rise of electric powertrains is poised to significantly influence the future of AWD in Evos. Electric motors offer unparalleled torque delivery and precise control, enabling more sophisticated and responsive AWD systems.

Enhanced Torque Vectoring: Electric motors can independently control torque distribution to each wheel, allowing for precise torque vectoring. This translates to improved cornering stability, agility, and control, especially in challenging conditions.
Variable Torque Distribution: Electric powertrains can dynamically adjust torque distribution based on various factors, such as road conditions, driver inputs, and vehicle speed. This allows for optimal traction and handling in all situations.
Regenerative Braking: Electric vehicles utilize regenerative braking, which recovers energy during deceleration and braking. This energy can be used to power the AWD system, enhancing efficiency and performance.

Integration with Autonomous Driving

The integration of autonomous driving technology presents a unique opportunity for the evolution of AWD systems in Evos.

Predictive Traction Control: Autonomous systems can anticipate road conditions and driver inputs, enabling predictive traction control. This allows the AWD system to proactively distribute torque for optimal grip and stability, enhancing safety and performance.
Enhanced Stability Control: Autonomous driving systems can utilize data from sensors and cameras to precisely control vehicle stability. By integrating with the AWD system, this can significantly enhance handling and safety in various driving scenarios.

The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, with its all-wheel drive system, stands as a testament to the power of engineering and innovation. The Evo’s AWD system has played a pivotal role in its success, enabling it to achieve legendary status in the world of performance cars. From its early iterations to its most advanced forms, the Evo’s AWD has consistently delivered exceptional traction, handling, and power delivery, making it a formidable force on the road and the racetrack.

As technology continues to advance, the future of AWD in Evos holds exciting possibilities, promising even greater performance and capabilities.

Key Questions Answered: Are Evos All Wheel Drive

What are the advantages of AWD in Evos?

AWD provides enhanced traction, improved handling, and increased acceleration, particularly in challenging conditions like wet roads, snow, and off-road environments.

Are all Evo models equipped with AWD?

Yes, all Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution models feature all-wheel drive as a standard feature.

How does the Evo’s AWD system work?

The Evo’s AWD system uses a center differential to distribute power between the front and rear axles, and electronically controlled differentials to manage torque distribution to each wheel. This allows for optimal traction and handling in various driving conditions.

What are the common maintenance tasks for the Evo’s AWD system?

Regular maintenance tasks include fluid changes for the differentials, inspection of drive shafts and CV joints, and checking for any signs of wear or damage.